BRCA1 & BRCA2 are the important genes carrying information to repair DNA damage in the cell. Any such change in their DNA sequence (genetic alteration/mutation), which may impair the proteins' ability to repair DNA damage in cells. The cell dividing with damaged or problematic DNA may lead to tumor formation in the breast, ovary or other associated organs.

Next generation sequencing helps us to find out if there is any problematic change in the BRCA1 &/or BRCA2 gene that might lead to trigger cancer. These changes in DNA might have been transferred to us from our parents as we carry 50% of the DNA from each of our parents.

BRCA1 & BRCA2 or collectively called BRCA test or BRCA status, is actually sequencing of our DNA encoding these genes can be conducted on a blood sample in case of germline BRCA testing (Germline-BRCA test). Germline testing is performed on our normal cells to understand if the change is already there in our cells and confirm that we inherit this alteration. If someone is detected with breast or ovarian cancer and no mutation is present in germline cells, then your physician/doctor may ask for a BRCA test on the tissue sample/biopsy taken from the site of tumor. This will be to confirm or to rule out if the mutation is BRCA gene(s) is involved in the occurrence of the tumor or not. This test conducted on tissue sample/biopsy is known as somatic-BRCA test.

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is a genetic condition that makes it more likely that a person may get breast, ovarian, or other cancers. HBOC is hereditary, meaning that it is caused by a mutation (genetic change) that can be passed down in families. A genetic test can help determine if your personal or family history of cancer was caused by HBOC. If you are found to have HBOC, there are interventions that can help prevent cancer or detect it early. There are genes other than BRCA1 & BRCA2 that can be involved in the triggering of the cancer. Therefore, a panel of HBOC associated genes along with BRCA1 & BRCA2 can be tested for any genetic change to find out if these might be the mutated or not able to perform their function properly that could lead to cancer.

Hereditary Recombination Repair (HRR) panel genes are involved in repair of damaged DNA. There could be multiple physical or environmental conditions or stresses that may damage DNA. Our cells have a system to repair this damaged DNA to avoid any mutated DNA to be transferred to the daughter cells during cell division. However, mutations may occur (genetic changes) that might prevent a gene from encoding a functional protein. This dysfunctional/non-functional or truncated protein is unable to repair the damaged DNA, and the cells carrying damaged DNA may become cancerous. Now, there is a panel of known HRR genes to be tested to understand if there is any mutation in any of these genes set that might be the cause of triggering the tumor formation.

Clinical Exome panels are the NGS panels with a large number of genes, generally involving a portion of the protein coding-exons and important flanking regions (splice junctions). This test is done for identifying disease-causing DNA variants within this protein-coding region. The test also helps understand the cumulative effects of more than one related DNA alteration (mutations) co-occurring together in the DNA sample of the patient.

Cancer HotSpot panel is used for identifying DNA alterations (mutations) in protein-coding regions, copy numbers of change in the structure of genes such as fusion genes that are most relevant and well-known cancer associated. This panel specifically contains genes that indicate whether some clinical intervention (targeted therapy) can be done.

Cancer can be detected using cell-free DNA in many cancers, however; the detection depends upon the type and stage of cancer. About 50%–70% of stage I or II cancers across various cancer types can be detected using this method. This sequencing panel is designed based on the existing knowledge of the genetic alterations in cancers. This panel is primarily use for detecting cancer in cases wherein it is difficult to get a tissue biopsy (a small piece of suspected tumor tissue), and secondly, for monitoring a known gene mutation in the patient's cancer. 

Some difficult to understand cases of diagnosis, especially rare genetic disorders can be helped out by sequencing of all the protein-coding region of the DNA. In this panel an individual's exome and related sequences, representing approximately 1% of the complete DNA sequence, are studied to find the alterations (mutations) associated with individual's symptoms. This can also identify novel DNA changes which are not there in existing knowledge bases and not mentioned in literature. Therefore, the new findings should be considered with high precautions and must be validated by multiple methods of testing and interpretation.

The prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene is approximately 1,500 bp long, with nine variable regions stacked between conserved regions. The 16S rRNA gene is a common housekeeping genetic marker and there are reasons why its variable regions are frequently used for phylogenetic classification of genus or species in diverse microbial populations. These reasons include (1) its presence in almost all bacteria, and often existing as a multigene family, (2) the function of the 16S rRNA gene is conserved over time suggesting that random sequence changes are a more accurate measure of time (evolution), and (3) the 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp) is large enough for informatics analysis purposes.

In nature, all multicellular organisms are living in some form of association with their microbial communities known as natural flora. These microbial communities which are now adapted with their counter friendly-hosts, are helping them for their nutritional and immunity requirements are microbial levels. Therefore, it is important to understand how we interact with our flora and how this helps us and our environment. However, not all microbes can be cultured in the laboratory. High-throughput sequencing technologies and robust computational pipelines are helping shotgun metagenomics methods to transform the whole field of microbiology. Understanding the functions and characterizing specific strains of these microbial communities can support therapeutic discovery and innovative ways. This synthesize products using microbial factories and can help in understanding the contributions of microorganisms to planetary, animal and human health.